In the adult patient, a curved array transducer with center frequencies of 3–6 MHz is used, while the pediatric patient should be examined with a linear array transducer with higher center frequencies. Preferably, the exam is initiated in the longitudinal scan plane, parallel to the long diameter of the kidney, as the kidney is easier to distinguish. When insonation of the kidney is obscured by intestinal air, the supine scan position is combined with the lateral decubitus position with the transducer moved dorsally. The kidneys are examined in longitudinal and transverse scan planes with the transducer placed in the flanks.
The ultrasonic renal exam does not require any preparation of the patient and is usually performed with the patient in the supine position. However, renal US has certain limitations, and other modalities, such as CT and MRI, should always be considered as supplementary imaging modalities in the assessment of renal disease. Furthermore, novel applications in renal US have been introduced with contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), elastography and fusion imaging. Using B-mode imaging, assessment of renal anatomy is easily performed, and US is often used as image guidance for renal interventions. Renal ultrasound (US) is a common examination, which has been performed for decades. US is an accessible, versatile inexpensive and fast aid for decision-making in patients with renal symptoms and for guidance in renal intervention. The kidneys are easily examined, and most pathological changes in the kidneys are distinguishable with ultrasound. Ultrasonography of the kidneys is essential in the diagnosis and management of kidney-related diseases. Renal ultrasonography ( Renal US) is the examination of one or both kidneys using medical ultrasound. The small flash icons on the spectrogram represent initiation of the flow measurement. The specrogram below the B-mode image shows flow velocity (m/s) against time (s) obtained within the range gate. Red and blue colors in the color box represent flow towards and away from the transducer, respectively. Doppler ultrasound (US) of a normal adult kidney with the estimation of the systolic velocity (Vs), the diastolic velocity (Vd), acceleration time (AoAT), systolic acceleration (Ao Accel) and resistive index (RI).
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